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Human Coronavirus NL63
Human Coronavirus NL63 or ''HCoV-NL63'' is a species of coronavirus that was identified in late 2004 in a seven-month-old child with bronchiolitis in the Netherlands. Infection with the virus has been confirmed worldwide, and has an association with many common symptoms and diseases. Associated diseases include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infection, croup and bronchiolitis.〔Abdul-Rasool, S., & Fielding, B. C. (2010). Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63. The Open Virology Journal, 4, 76–84. doi:10.2174/1874357901004010076〕 The virus is found primarily in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory illness. It also has a seasonal association in temperate climates. A study performed in Amsterdam estimated the presence of HCoV-NL63 in approximately 4.7% of common respiratory illnesses.〔Berkhout, B., Hoek, v. d., L., & Pyrc, K. (2006). Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 30(5), 760-773. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x〕 Further studies confirmed that the virus is not an emerging virus, but rather one that continually circulates the human population.
==Mechanism==
Transmission of HCoV-NL63 is likely through droplet expulsion from the respiratory tract, which may be airborne or spread through close personal contact. The virus is able to survive for up to seven days in respiratory secretions and remains infective at room temperature 〔Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B & Pohlmann S (2005) Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 7988–7993.〕 Once the virus has entered the host it binds to cellular receptors using spike proteins, similar to those found in HIV-1. The virus is able to use Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry receptor to bind to and enter target cells.〔 No determination of the specific entry of the virus into the host cell has been completed. Therefore entrance into the cell is either through direct cell fusion with the plasma membrane or endocytosis followed by fusion with the membrane. Due to the lack of a cDNA clone of HCoV-NL63, research on the replication cycle is limited. Because it is a positive single-stranded RNA virus, the processes of replication via transcription and translation can be carried out in the cytoplasm of the infected cell.
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